Which example demonstrates classical conditioning?

• A. Learning by imitation
• B. Skinner's box
• C. Pavlov's dog
• D. Behavior modification through consequences

Answer: (C)

Classical conditioning is about forming an association between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, so the neutral stimulus comes to provoke that response on its own. In Pavlov's dog, the unconditioned stimulus (food) naturally causes the unconditioned response (salivation). The neutral stimulus (a bell) is repeatedly paired with the food. After enough pairings, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (salivation) without the food present. This shows how a neutral cue can gain the power to trigger a reflex simply through association.

The other examples reflect different learning processes: learning by imitation involves observing and copying others, and Skinner's box demonstrates operant conditioning where behaviors are shaped by consequences; behavior modification through consequences is applying that same operant framework.